haniabeachresort
haniabeachresort
Lagos an Overpopulated State: a Case of Continous Spatial Restructuring and Interaction
Sep 3rd
Lagos an Overpopulated State: a Case of Continous Spatial Restructuring and Interaction
LAGOS
Introduction
Lagos State was created on May 27, 1967 by virtue of State (Creation and Transitional Provisions) Decree No. 14 of 1967, which restructured Nigeria’s Federation into 12 states. Prior to this, Lagos Municipality had been administered by the Federal Government through the Federal Ministry of Lagos Affairs as the regional authority, while the Lagos City Council (LCC) governed the City of Lagos. Equally, the metropolitan areas (Colony Province) of Ikeja, Agege, Mushin, Ikorodu, Epe and Badagry were administered by the Western Region.
Lagos state is located in latitude 6035’N, and Longitude 3045’E . with a population of over 14million people but official 2006 census suggest that Lagos population is 9,013,534. The main urban centres in the State are Badagry, Epe, Ikorodu, Ikeja and Lagos. The urbanisation process that has taken place in Lagos has been of such significance in the State and in Nigeria as a whole that it should receive special attention.
Although not European in origin, Lagos represents most spectacularly one of that class of Nigerian cities whose growth and development have been significantly shaped by European influ ences. Starting from a small settlement made by the Awori (a subgroup of the Yorubas), first at EbuteMetta and later (for defence reasons) at iddo, probably in the early part of the 17th century, the settlement of Lagos existed rather quietly up to the end of the 18th century.
Lagos has witness continous restructuting due to increased population. Therefore the paper focus on the various demenssion of spatial restructuring that have occurred , the reasons or what informed such restructuring , the effect and possible solution.
Overpopulation is a condition when an organism’s numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its ecological niche. In common parlance, the term usually refers to the relationship between the human population and its environment, the Earth.
Overpopulation is not simply a function of the size or density of the population. Overpopulation can be determined using the ratio of population to available resources
2.0 SPATIAL RESTRUCTURING
Perhaps before we look at spatial restructuring which is a funstion of economic geography and change we should define economic geography which is the study the (locational, organizational and behavioral) principles and processes associated with the spatial allocation of scarce (human, man-made and natural) resources (which are also distributed spatially) and the spatial patterns and (direct and indirect, social, environmental and economic) consequences resulting from such allocations.”
Spatial restructuring is a concept that talks about change in spatial structure i.e. Change in spatial distribution e.g. population densities, Change in spatial interaction pattern, e.g. migration patterns) and Regional economic development: e.g. Changes in income, employment, human welfare, quality of life. And the factors are related to
• Locational (dis-)advantages & locational change,
• Spatial interaction stimuli and
• Economic development conditions & events:
e.g.
• Natural resource endowment,
• Human resources (skills, education),
• Employment structure,
• Organizational, institutional & political factors,
• Access to capital, technology & entrepreneurship,
• Trade, migration (e.g. “brain gain” or “brain drain”)
The two dimension to the spatial restructuring of lagos are Population and structural change.
2.1 POPULATION CHANGE
Population change is the growth or decline in population over time, and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals in a population per unit time. The term population change can technically refer to any species, but almost always refers to humans, and it is often used informally for the more specific demographic term population change rate.
Growth rate= (+)/ population
Going by all indication that would be presented later on there has been population growth in lagos state due to so many factors known as the pull factors, A pull factor is a feature or event that attracts a person to move to another area, and they include:
1. More or better services in that area : it is a general notion that lagos state provides the best service interms of social, and economic activities, in otherwords Lagos is bothe the social and economic nerve of Nigeria, and as such people tend to move into Lagos to enjoy these dervices provided by the state but it should be noted that other emerging cities are Porth-harcourt, Calabar, Warri and Abuja the capital city.
2. Higher standards of living
3. Higher income
4. Peace (absence of civil strife or warfare): lagos is regarded as a No-Man-Land although this statement is not True as the original Inhabitant of Lagos known as the indegenes are still present but the statement is born out of the relatively peacefull nature of lagos compared to other area where u have religious crisis, ethnic crisis, fight for succession etc. everybody for his/her self.
5. Better behavior among the people (lower crime rates and higher moral standards) : this is fact is as stated above
6. More desirable climate: this is one of the factor the ajudge to the norteheners migrants where there climate is relatively harsh.
7. Immediate distance from family problems: sure when people move away from the villages in Nigeria, they are disconnected from there immediate family but the idea of social network in Africa comes in later on and as such it does not exist for long.
8. Economic stability and less risk of loss of wealth
9. Cultural diversity: Lagos is a home for every body, people from different background, culturally and economically are found in Lagos and as such gives room for sociall and cultural in tegration.
10. Religious or political tolerance (living in a more liberal or less repressive state or country) : a sure bet in Lagos state because both Muslims and Christians are found there and it gives room for every one to practice his/her rligion without fear or favour.
Lagos state been filled with an migrants from almost all the state in Nigeria in search for employment due to it commercial nature; Ajegunle is an area in Lagos, Located in the North-eastern flank of Lagos State the former administrative and commercial city in Nigeria in Ajeromi/Ifelodun Local Government Area/Post Express 1998: Appendix 7) Majority of the migrants provided labour for the industries in Lagos until the economic decline in the 80*s due to the crash in global oil prices. These area did not have a comprehensive planning, rather it was a product of a spontaneous urban sprawl of that time. Human settlements in the area could be traced back into the 50*s as Lagos became s strategic commercial city in the West African sub-region. This are in Lagos has suffered severe social exclusion from the socio-economic life of the city of Lagos. The residents in Lagos Ajegunle area were spurred under these circumstances to develop an informal means of interaction considering the fact that they all faced the problem of socio-economic and ecological decline. Crime was very high, building designs very defective no waste management policy, social life was virtually limited within residents and they were more isolated from the rest of the society. All these causes ageing population and environmental degradation. Population growth as it has been define be as a result of increased birth rate, decrease mortality, and increased immigration.
2.2 STRUCTURE CHANGE
Population, Structure and Distribution: Estimates by the United Nations and the Lagos State Regional Master Plan put the state’s current population at about 10.6 million inhabitants. However, the 1991 census of Nigeria puts the population of Lagos State at 5,685,781 or 6.42 per cent of the national total.
The figure still makes Lagos State the most populous state in the Federation. With its area of 3,577 sq. km. the smallest in the country, the state’s population density of 1,590 persons per sq. km. is therefore high. The density value for builtup metropolitan Lagos, estimated at 20,000 persons per sq. km. is even higher still. A 1988 estimate indicates that the population of Lagos State had been growing at an annual rate of 8 percent in the urban areas and 3 percent in the rural areas.
Obviously, the urban growth rate has been enhanced by inmigration. However, in view of the movement of the Federal Government to Abuja in December 1991, the growth rates are like ly to have begun to decrease, or to increase at a decreasing rate.
The most populous LGA in the state is Ojo with 17.8 percent of the 1991 population, closely followed by Mushin together with Oshodi/lsolo (17.4 percent) and Lagos Mainland/Surulere (15.3 percent). While the least populated LGA is IbejuLekki (0.4. per cent); the other LGAs occupy various positions in between.
Urbanisation and Human Settlement System: The main urban centres in the State are Badagry, Epe, Ikorodu, Ikeja and Lagos. The urbanisation process that has taken place in Lagos has been of such significance in the State and in Nigeria as a whole that it should receive special attention.
Although not European in origin, Lagos represents most spectacularly one of that class of Nigerian cities whose growth and development have been significantly shaped by European influ ences. Starting from a small settlement made by the Awori (a subgroup of the Yorubas), first at EbuteMetta and later (for defence reasons) at iddo, probably in the early part of the 17th century, the settlement of Lagos existed rather quietly up to the end of the 18th century.
From 1821 onwards, it became an important slave port on the West African coast. Important turning points in the subsequent growth of Lagos include the bombardment of the city by the British in 1851, with the purpose of ousting the slavetrade inclined King Kosoko and restoring Akintoye as King of Lagos; the resulting aban donment of the city by the civilian population and the slow growth thereafter; the formal cession of Lagos as a Colony to Britain in 1861; and the sub sequent establishment of regular government and administration of justice.
Then followed piecemeal addition of hinterland areas to ensure political and commercial stability; the subsequent growth in com merce and the development of communications cuminating in the founding of the Lagos Chambers of Commerce in 1897. The construction of the railway started in 1895 and harbour improvement followed (19081917). The volume of trade has continued to grow over the years.
Subsequently, various public programmes relating to industrial development, swamp reclamation and mosquito campaigns, pipe borne water, transportation facilities, commercial activities and the city’s increasing functions as the capital of the Federation accelerated the growth of Lagos into the greatest single concentration of skills and disposable income in the country. By 1963, the city (the Municipality of Lagos), made up of such components as Lagos Island, Lagos Mainland, Ikoyi and Victoria Island, Apapa and other areas had an official population figure of 665,246.
However, the geographic city beyond the boundaries of the Municipality was much larger. The spectacular road development works since the 1970s (the construction of the Eko Bridge, the reconstruction of Ikorodu Road into a 10lane dual carriage way, the construction of the Third Mainland Bridge, the ApapaOworonshoki Expressway, the LagosBadagry Expressway, the Abeokuta Expressway, the Victoria lslandEpe road as well as the interconnecting roads that link them into elabo rate circumferential route ways and circulation paths have been both responses to and catalysts of the explosive growth of metropolitan Lagos.
The process of urbanisation still continues in Lagos and with it comes various problems concern ing administration, land acquisition, housing and rents, sanitation, transportation, water supply and crime. These issues are brought to the attention of the public continually through the news media, and they remain endemic subjects of governmental pol icy and programmes.
The settlement system in Lagos state is obvi ously dominated by metropolitan Lagos which incorporates not less than 16 of the 20 local government areas (LGAs): Agege, Ajeromilfelodun, AmuwoOdofin, Alimosho, Apapa, EtiOsa, lfako ljaye, Ikeja, Kosofe, Lagos Island, Lagos Mainland, Mushin, Oshodilsolo, Somolu, Surulere and part of Ojo.
In each of the four remaining LGAs, there is typically a focal town surrounded by numerous lowerorder settlements and village communities. In Badagry LGA, the focal town is the ancient settlement of Badagry which was a major slave out post in precolonial times and is reputed as being the first place in Nigeria where Christianity was preached in 1842.
There are about 120 other com munities and villages in the LGA including Ajara, Topo, Panko, Akarakumo, Aseri, Egun and others. The situation in Epe LGA is similar, the focal town being Epe. The other settlements are about 311, including Agbowalkosi, ltoiki, Ejirin, Onisawasawa, Ubuja, lpabodo and numerous others.
IbejuLekki LGA has as the main town, not the local govern ment headquarters which is Akodo but a more developed small town, Ibeju. Distributed irregularly around and between these two are about 153 other village communities, including Lekki, Magbon Alade and others. Finally, Ikorodu LGA has as its focal town the local government headquarters, Ikorodu, which is a veritable commercial city in its own right.
Being the location of the transmitters for the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria, the Voice of Nigeria and Lagos State Broadcasting Corporation (Radio and Television), it is an important communication centre as well as a major gate way to the country’s hinterland.
There are about 260 other settlements in the LGA, including lgbogbo, Imota, Maya, Baiyeku, ljede, Majidun, Ajegunie, Agbede, Aguru, Odugunyan and others. These four LGAs Badagry, Epe, IbejuLekki and Ikorodu contain virtually the totality of rural areas in Lagos State.
Table 1.0
Population Growth Rate
Year 1975 1999 2000 2015 1999-2000 2000-2015
Pop/million 3.3 12.8 13.4 23.2 5.6 3.7
United Nations population division(1999)
Table 2.0 PLACES IN LAGOS STATE
Name What Region Country Lat Long Elev Ft. Pop Est
Abagbo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4083333 3.3822222 114 115628
Abekkun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4083333 3.3822222 114 115628
Abule Ijesha
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5247222 3.3863889 121 774734
Abule-Nla
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4830556 3.3741667 118 580705
Adeleye
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6147222 3.2655556 144 553058
Agala
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4152778 3.3694444 114 73624
Agani
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4833333 3.35 118 580705
Aganni
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4833333 3.35 118 580705
Agbede
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6688889 3.4897222 160 259436
Agbelekale
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6402778 3.2869444 147 722763
Agboju
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4577778 3.2875 118 5177
Agboyi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5786111 3.4108333 121 929196
Agege
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6219444 3.3258333 137 751549
Agidingbi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6236111 3.3536111 137 931774
Aguda
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6347222 3.3544444 137 1032556
Agun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6044444 3.2705556 144 553058
Aiyetoro
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4591667 3.3425 118 580705
Aiyetoto-Asogun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4538889 3.2511111 118 5177
Ajegunle
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6061111 3.2825 141 553058
Ajegunle
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4488889 3.3369444 114 247815
Akangba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5 3.35 118 580705
Akinogun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6 3.2833333 141 553058
Akinyele
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6066667 3.2644444 144 553058
Akowonjo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6122222 3.3147222 137 751549
Alagba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.62 3.3022222 141 751549
Alagbede
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4833333 3.3666667 118 580705
Alaguntan
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4219444 3.4925 121 113728
Alaiyabiagba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.45 3.3333333 114 106257
Alapako
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4497222 3.2936111 118 106257
Alasia
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4333333 3.4 114 245287
Aliayabiagba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.45 3.3333333 114 106257
Alimosho
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6108333 3.2961111 141 751549
Alimoso
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6108333 3.2961111 141 751549
Amuwo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4730556 3.2980556 118 307463
Animashawun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4833333 3.35 118 580705
Animshaun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4833333 3.35 118 580705
Apapa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4455556 3.3591667 114 247815
Apapa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4333333 3.4166667 118 156357
Apapa Eleko
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4333333 3.4166667 118 156357
Aqani
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4833333 3.35 118 580705
Arida
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5611111 3.2694444 134 352691
Asipa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5827778 3.2552778 137 352691
Atan
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5994444 3.2522222 141 553058
Awja-Ikoradu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6027778 3.4911111 127 808742
Badagri
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4166667 2.8833333 118 23583
Badagry
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4166667 2.8833333 118 23583
Bamgbose
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.45 3.45 118 156357
Bamgboshe
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.45 3.45 118 156357
Bariga
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.535 3.3947222 121 774734
Baruwa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6033333 3.2725 141 553058
Bassa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4241667 3.2558333 114 5177
Beshi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4122222 3.2561111 114 0
Beshi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5530556 3.4741667 124 623381
Bolorunpelu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5452778 3.2730556 131 352691
Cardoso
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5827778 3.2686111 137 352691
Coker
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4738889 3.3311111 118 307463
Coker
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6402778 3.3313889 141 1048141
Ebute Ikorodu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6027778 3.4911111 127 808742
Ebute-Egga
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6027778 3.4911111 127 808742
Ebute-Metta
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4897222 3.3844444 118 591962
Egba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6475 3.3030556 147 1048141
Egbe
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5438889 3.2797222 127 352691
Ejigbo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5522222 3.3072222 127 449144
Eko
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4530556 3.3958333 114 245287
Ekoro
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6452778 3.2908333 147 722763
Elachi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4147222 3.2838889 114 0
Eregun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6008333 3.3644444 131 931774
Erukan
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6061111 3.3961111 127 1111094
Erunkan
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6061111 3.3961111 127 1111094
Ewu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5591667 3.3233333 127 449144
Fatade
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5980556 3.2677778 141 553058
Gbesse
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5530556 3.4741667 124 623381
George
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6286111 3.3480556 137 1032556
Hausa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6108333 3.3561111 134 931774
Ibasa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4241667 3.2558333 114 5177
Ibasha
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4241667 3.2558333 114 5177
Ibese
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4122222 3.2561111 114 0
Ibese
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5530556 3.4741667 124 623381
Ibeshe
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4122222 3.2561111 114 0
Ibeshe
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5530556 3.4741667 124 623381
Ibeshi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5530556 3.4741667 124 623381
Iddo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4697222 3.3802778 114 591962
Idi Oro
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5225 3.36 121 730396
Idimi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5719444 3.2844444 137 352691
Idimu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5719444 3.2844444 137 352691
Idowu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5747222 3.2591667 137 352691
Ifako
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6436111 3.3288889 141 1048141
Igando
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.55 3.25 134 352691
Iganmu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4844444 3.3658333 118 580705
Iganmu Siding
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4844444 3.3658333 118 580705
Igbo Ejo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4241667 3.3541667 114 247815
Igbobi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5225 3.3716667 121 730396
Igbogila
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6072222 3.2588889 144 553058
Igbologun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4183333 3.3319444 114 106257
Ijaiye
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6644444 3.2872222 150 722763
Ijaiye
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6327778 3.3413889 137 1032556
Ijegun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5172222 3.2566667 127 175581
Ijero
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4819444 3.3802778 118 591962
Ijesa-Tedo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4944444 3.3266667 118 307463
Ijora
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4663889 3.3766667 118 591962
Iju
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.675 3.3327778 147 739466
Iju Junction
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.66 3.3222222 144 1048141
Iju Water Works
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.675 3.3327778 147 739466
Ikeja
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5966667 3.3430556 134 931774
Ikotan
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5458333 3.2677778 131 352691
Ikotun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5458333 3.2677778 131 352691
Ikoyi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4530556 3.4355556 118 156357
Ikuata
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4155556 3.3652778 114 73624
Ilasa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4147222 3.2838889 114 0
Ilashe
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4147222 3.2838889 114 0
Ilemere
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5411111 3.4855556 124 370874
Imore
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4241667 3.2830556 114 5177
Inogbe
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4083333 3.3466667 114 73624
Ipaja
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6105556 3.2558333 144 553058
Iponri
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4875 3.3661111 118 580705
Isagatedo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5266667 3.3258333 124 420843
Isasi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6688889 3.3783333 137 433417
Isasi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5508333 3.4755556 124 623381
Iseri-Osun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5188889 3.2777778 124 175581
Ishaga
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5266667 3.3258333 124 420843
Isheri-Olofin
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5752778 3.2813889 137 352691
Ishersi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6688889 3.3783333 137 433417
Isolo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5316667 3.3230556 124 420843
Isunba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4425 3.2866667 114 5177
Itire
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5083333 3.3422222 121 730396
Iwaya
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5041667 3.3919444 118 774734
Jibowu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6594444 3.2986111 150 1048141
Kirikiri
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4425 3.3102778 114 106257
Lagos
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4530556 3.3958333 114 245287
Lashe
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4147222 3.2838889 114 0
Libowu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6594444 3.2986111 150 1048141
Logos
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4530556 3.3958333 114 245287
Magbon
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6255556 3.3141667 141 1048141
Makoko
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4961111 3.3877778 118 591962
Makoko
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4288889 3.4552778 118 156357
Maroko
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4288889 3.4552778 118 156357
Maryland
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5711111 3.3716667 127 822372
Meran
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6352778 3.2697222 147 722763
Moba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4505556 3.4708333 118 113728
Mobba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4505556 3.4708333 118 113728
Mofoluku
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.555 3.3333333 127 449144
Mosan
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6119444 3.2772222 144 553058
Mushin
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5291667 3.355 121 730396
Mushin Halt
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5291667 3.355 121 730396
New Lagos
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5027778 3.3641667 118 730396
Obalende
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4469444 3.4152778 114 245287
Obanikoro
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5472222 3.3702778 124 822372
Oduwole
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5894444 3.2805556 137 553058
Ogogoro
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4291667 3.3977778 114 245287
Ogoyo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.435 3.4877778 121 113728
Ogudu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5713889 3.3963889 124 929196
Ogunlogun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6819444 3.4680556 150 259436
Ojota
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5877778 3.3822222 127 1111094
Oke Ira
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4925 3.3708333 118 580705
Oke Ogbe
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4083333 3.3822222 114 115628
Okepa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4530556 3.4355556 118 156357
Oko Agbo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4083333 3.3822222 114 115628
Okun-Ibese
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4061111 3.2608333 114 0
Okunola
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5952778 3.2858333 137 553058
Olowoira
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6294444 3.3738889 134 1032556
Olute
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4555556 3.2733333 118 5177
Oluwa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4263889 3.3583333 114 247815
Omole
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6391667 3.3566667 137 1032556
Ondotedo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.415 3.3561111 114 73624
Onigbokun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4141667 3.3436111 114 73624
Onigbongbo
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5708333 3.365 127 822372
Onike
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5066667 3.3841667 118 774734
Onikosi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6005556 3.3836111 127 1111094
Onisigun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6013889 3.3913889 127 1111094
Onitiri
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5116667 3.3841667 118 774734
Opamore
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5858333 3.3813889 127 1111094
Orile Oshodi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.555 3.3436111 127 822372
Oruba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5786111 3.4108333 121 929196
Oruba Agboyi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5786111 3.4108333 121 929196
Oshodi
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5588889 3.3486111 124 822372
Oshosun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5891667 3.3738889 127 931774
Osorun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5522222 3.4855556 124 623381
Ososun
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6005556 3.3836111 127 1111094
Oto
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4725 3.3847222 118 591962
Oworonshoki
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5477778 3.4066667 121 929196
Oworonsoki
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5477778 3.4066667 121 929196
Sagisa
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6130556 3.3736111 131 931774
Shogunle
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5780556 3.3344444 127 822372
Shomolu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5402778 3.3716667 121 730396
Somolu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5402778 3.3716667 121 730396
Suru Lere
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5091667 3.3580556 118 730396
Tamaro
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4158333 3.3658333 114 73624
Tarkwa Bay
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4027778 3.3941667 114 115628
Tarqua Bay
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4027778 3.3941667 114 115628
Tatala
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5091667 3.3855556 118 774734
Tinubu
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.5166667 3.3666667 121 730396
Wasimi Ojokoro
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.6622222 3.2952778 150 1048141
Yaba
city Lagos State Nigeria 6.4897222 3.3836111 118 591962
Source: Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.( 1996-2004)
The current data on shown below is an indication that there has been restructuring both population and structure change.
3.0 SPATIAL INTERACTION PERSPECTIVE IN LAGOS STATE.
Spatial interaction is the flow of products, people, services, or information among places, in response to localized supply and demand.
It is a transportation supply and demand relationship that is often expressed over a geographical space. Spatial interactions usually include a variety of movements such as travel, migration, transmission of information, journeys to work or shopping, retailing activities, or freight distribution.
Edward Ullman, perhaps the leading transportation geographer of the twentieth century, more formally addressed interaction as complementarity (a deficit of a good or product in one place and a surplus in another), transferability (possibility of transport of the good or product at a cost that the market will bear), and lack of intervening opportunities (where a similar good or product that is not available at a closer distance).
3.1 Complementarity
The first factor necessary for interaction to take pace is complementarity.
In order for trade to take place, there has to be a surplus of a desired product in one area and a shortage or demand for that same product in another area.
The greater the distance, between trip origin and trip destination, the less likelihood of a trip occurring and the lower the frequency of trips. An example of complementarity would be that you live in sango ota, Ogun state and want to go to silverbird Galleria in Lagos for vacation/ see a movie, which is located in Victoria Island, Lagos. In this example, the product of the journey is Victoria Island which is the destination while sango Ota is the source. In the same vein we have pwople moving from other part of Nigeria into lagos for various reason’s that have been mentioned above under the pull factor.
3.2 Transferability
The second factor necessary for interaction to take pace is transferability. In some cases, it is simply not feasible to transport certain goods (or people) a great distance because the transportation costs are too high in comparison to the price of the product.
In all other cases where the transportation costs are not out of line with price, we say that the product is transferable or that transferability exists.
This concept is totally in contrast to what happen in Lagos because long distance journey form the north where goods such as agricultural drosuce are transported to lagos for sale and eventual consumption, also people come from other areas like form the east and southern part for employment oppourtunities.
Using our Silverbird Galleriaand employment example, we need to know how many people are going, and the amount of time we have to do the trip (both travel time and time at the destination). If only one person is traveling to lagos state and they need to travel in the same day, then flying may be the most realistic option of transferability cost ranges between 7,000 – 15,0000 naira round-trip; however, most of them use road transport which will cost far lesser than the amount for air travel
As one can see, transferability can be accomplished by one of several different modes of transportation depending on the number of people, distance, the average cost to transport each person, and the time available for travel.
3.3 Lack of Intervening Opportunities
The third factor necessary for interaction to take place is the absence or lack of intervening opportunities. There may be a situation where complementarity exists between an area with a high demand for a product and several areas with a supply of that same product in excess of local demand.
In this particular case, the first area would be unlikely to trade with all three suppliers, but would instead trade with the supplier that was closest or least costly. In our example of the trip to lagos, “Is there any other destination identical to Victoria Island, providing an intervening opportunity between other states to lagos?” The obvious answer would be “no.” However, if the question was, “Is there any other area that will provide the same oppourtunity lagos provides for all comers in terms of education, economics and social life? The answer is NOI, similar to Lagos is may be Abuja, Port-Harcourth, Calabar, but not the same as Lagos, at least not to be compared to Lagos..
As you can see from this example, there are numerous factors that could affect complementarity, transferability, and lack of intervening opportunities
We have seen the cause / what will inform the spatial interaction with lagos and the spatial restructuring that has occurs let us look at the effect of these actions.
4.0 THE CONSEQUENCES OF RAPID POPULATION GROWTH
Rapid human population growth has a variety of consequences. Population grows fastest in the world’s poorest countries. High fertility rates have historically been strongly correlated with poverty, and high childhood mortality rates. Falling fertility rates are generally associated with improved standards of living, increased life expectancy, and lowered infant mortality. Overpopulation and poverty have long been associated with increased death, and disease. 25 People tightly packed into unsanitary housing are inordinately vulnerable to natural disasters and health problems which is a major in Lagos state.
However, most of the lagos 13million desperately poor people live in less developed areas. One in five lagos inhabitant reportedly lives below the country’s official poverty line The rapid expansion of population size observed since the days of the colonial masters has been a cause of various social vices.
Poverty is a condition of chronic deprivation and need at the family level. Poverty, is a major concern of humankind, because poverty everywhere reduces human beings to a low level of existence. Poor people lack access to enough land and income to meet basic needs. A lack of basic needs results in physical weak-ness and poor health. Poor health decreases the ability of the poor to work and put them deeper into poverty.
Instead of allowing poverty to persist, it is important to limit our number be-cause in dense populations too many lack adequate food, water, shelter, education and employment. High fertility, which has been traditionally associated with pros-perity, prestige, and security for the future, now jeopardizes chances for many to achieve health and security
Rich and poor cities alike are affected by population growth, though the population of industrial countries are growing more slowly than those of develop-ing one. At the present growth rates, the population of economically developed countries would double in 120 years. The Third World, with over three quarters of the world’s people, would double its numbers in about 33 years. This rapid dou-bling time reflects the fact that 37 percent of the developing world’s population is under the age of 15 and entering their most productive childbearing years. In the Third World countries (excluding China), 40 percent of the people are under 15; in some African countries, nearly half are in this age group.
Lagos current and projected population growth calls for an increase in efforts to meet the needs for food, water, health care, technology and education. In the poorest countries, massive efforts are needed to keep social and economic con-ditions from deteriorating further; any real advances in well-being and the quality of life are negated by further population growth. Many countries lack adequate supplies of basic materials needed to support their current population. Rapid population growth can affect both the overall quality of life and the degree of hu-man suffering on Earth.
5.0 THE WAY FORWARD
ACTIONS AND STRATEGIES THAT CAN BE DEVELOPED TO SOLVE THESE PROBLEMS
There is controversy over whether population growth is good or bad. Over-population and continuing population growth are making substantial contributions to the destruction of Earth’s life support systems. In the past, human populations have rarely been subject to explosion. In numbers. The powerful long-term mo-mentum that is built into the human age structure means that the effects of fertility changes become apparent only in the future. For these reasons, it is now conven-tional practice to use the technology of population projection as a means of better understanding the implications of trends.
Population projections represent the playing out into the future of a set of as-sumptions about future fertility and mortality rates. More public education is needed to develop more awareness about population issues. Facts like the size or the growth rate of the human population should be in the head of every citizen. Schools should inform students about population issues in order for them to make projections about the future generations.
Action plans and strategies can be developed to increase public understanding of how rapid population growth limits chances for meeting basic needs. The spirit of open communication, and empowerment of individual women and men will be key to a successful solution to many population problems. Collective vision about health care, family planning and women’s education at the community level build a basis for action. The creation of action plans help to meet challenges to find coop-erative solutions. Free and equal access to health care, family planning and educa-tion are desirable in their own right and will also help reduce unwanted fertility.
Individual choice, human rights and collective responsibility are key to al-lowing families to plan the size and spacing of their children. It is essential to achieve a balance between population and the available resources. Teachers, par-ents, community workers and other stakeholders should extend the range of choices about available resources to individuals, especially women, and by equal-izing opportunities between the genders from birth onwards.
Teachers, parents, other educators, politicians and other concerned citizens can practice how to make good decisions in everyday life. Decisions about family size, and resource will affect the future generations. Through commu-nity forums, specific issues about the population growth can be discussed and possible action plans can be developed.
Teachers, as well as students can use the information super highway to gain knowledge about other countries’ population and resources. Teachers can help students with problems and decision making on a daily basis. The investigation of world population will raise the level of awareness, so that we can learn to handle problems based on data. This data can help us to analyze our situations in a practical way.
Teachers, students, parents and other stakeholders can look for trends in the population explosion. They can hold community meetings at school to discuss how this issue presents a challenge to the big picture of human population on the planet “Earth”.
Above all we should
Once we recognize the fact that overpopulation is a problem and that increasing standards of living around the world will add to our resource-use and pollution-management challenges, it’s tempting to start thinking that disease, poverty, and premature death are unfortunate but necessary (as long as they happen to someone else, of course). We must resist any such temptation and work toward better solutions.
We should:
• continue to strive to reduce suffering by combating disease and poverty around the world;
• continue to improve resource efficiency and pollution control so that standards of living can rise without negative impact; and
• keep human population to numbers that are sustainable.
On the population front, that means:
• making sure people around the world have access to family planning services;
• empowering women in developing countries economically, socially, and legally in a manner that results in them having an equal say (with their husbands) in reproductive decisions;
• modifying school curricula to include information on population levels and implications for the future;
• reforming tax laws in a way that encourages couples to have no more than two children. (They would still be able to have as many kids as they want, but the tax code would no longer subsidize more than two.)
People are a good thing, but population growth without limit is not. The US and all developed countries should reinvigorate their international efforts to slow population growth.
Types of Job Interview Questions
Sep 2nd
Types of Job Interview Questions
The list of possible interview questions can be quite large and overwhelming. Fortunately, there are only really five different types of interview questions. This structure helps put these questions into a manageable framework. The five different types of interview questions:
1. Resume-Related Questions (You Questions)
2. Qualifications for Job Questions
3. Behavioral Questions
4. Case Interview Questions
5. Personality Questions
Resume- Related Questions (You Questions)
This group of questions can be described as “You” questions because they tend to center around what “you” have done. Sample Interview questions could include:
• Tell me about yourself?
• What did you major in at college?
• What did you do in this position?
The main focus of these questions is to try to find out whether your resume information is accurate and whether you have exaggerated or been modest about your credentials. This is most often done by asking questions based on the information shown in your resume.
Job Qualification Questions
These questions will be generated mainly from the job description and may overlap somewhat with Resume-Related questions. They are designed to see if you have the experience or qualifications for the position at a general level. They will ask you sample interview questions like:
• Have you ever managed a team before?
• Do you have any experience with conflict resolution?
• Have you ever given a presentation to external customers?
Behavioral Questions
These questions try to specifically determine whether you have the appropriate level of experience or qualifications for the position. They tend to go deeper than Job Qualification Questions by having you provide answers based on your prior work experience. These questions provide you with a basic problem scenario and expect you to be able to answer it based on a prior work experience example. Sample Interview questions could include:
• Tell me about a time you used your conflict resolution skills?
• Tell me about a project where you implemented a process improvement idea?
• Give me an example of a time you failed to complete a project on time and how you went about correcting the issue?
These questions can take on the form of a positive or a negative and so it is a good idea to have thought out ahead of time examples that you will want to use. It is also a good idea to try to identify before hand what are likely to be the skills they will base their behavioral questions on. For example, a salesman might expect to get behavioral questions based presentation skills. One such question could be give me a time when you gave a successful presentation to a client or for customer service skills, tell me about a time when you used your customer service skills to help keep an upset customer with the company.
Case Interview Questions
These types of questions tend to be tailored toward client focused positions like consulting and sales. They essentially involve providing you with a list of facts surrounding a company problem and ask you how to address the issue. Depending on the position, this may include doing things like performing mathematical computations or creating presentation aids. Regardless of the position, you can expect to have to present your findings and answer follow-up questions.
The purpose of these types of interview questions is to see how you think, whether you can perform under a stressful situation and, determine whether your personality is a good fit for the team. These interview questions usually are conducted on a one on one basis; however, you can also answer these questions as part of a group as a way for some companies to judge your interpersonal skills.
Personality Questions
These types of questions usually take on two forms. One form is a formal standard test that asks you a lot of questions about what types of things you prefer or would choose to do based on a list of options. The second form of personality questions are the informal type that can occur anywhere in the interview process and are geared towards determining if you are a good personality fit for the position. Sample interview questions could include:
• What was the score of the Cowboys game last night?
• What did you think of the last episode of American Idol?
The purpose of these questions is to see if you are well rounded enough to be able to talk to a prospective client about a general topic like American Football or a popular television show.
By getting a basic familiarity of these types of sample interview questions, you will help reduce your overall learning curve. Although interview questions tend to get most of the attention in other interviewing guides and books, you should instead divide your focus between all aspects of the interview process. By having a more comprehensive outlook on the interview process, you will tend to have better results by appearing more well-rounded and professional to your interviewers throughout the entire interview process.
Contributions of Ancient Arabian and Egyptian Scientists on Botany and Agriculture
Sep 1st
Contributions of Ancient Arabian and Egyptian Scientists on Botany and Agriculture
Md. Wasim Aktar*
Deptt. of Agril. Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India.
There was a great scarcity of water and vegetation in the desert of Arabia. The people living there needed plants to feed their animals. They wandered in search of vegetation, and went wherever they could find it. This great importance of plants resulted in their becoming an important topic of Arabic literature.
The study of plants was chiefly made from medical and agricultural points of view. The Arabs already knew about the medical use of some herbs and shrubs (‘Aqaqir wa’l Hashä’ish). At the advent of Islam when, in connection with preaching, Jihad, or some other purposes they came in contact with other peoples, they took interest not only in the names and uses of plants, but they became also interested in their cultivation. So they tried to know the matters relating to agriculture such as the methods of plantation and fertilization, the time suitable for sowing and harvesting, and the nature of the soil. They made correct observations on sexual differences between such plants as palms and hemps. The plants were classified into those that grow from cuttings, those that grow from seeds and those that grow spontaneously.
The Ancient scientists’ knowledge of applied botany and agriculture can be estimated by reading the accounts of gardens and crops cultivated in different parts of the Ancient scientist world, particularly those in Spain. At one time ancient Spain was proverbial in this respect. The Arabs introduced irrigation and agricultural methods there with the result that it was transformed into a garden.
Cotton, rice, sugarcane, asparagus, oranges, lemons and pomegranates were some of the plants and fruits brought from outside and cultivated in Spain. Through that country the Europeans became aware of the cultivation of many plants which they did not know before. The famous gardens of Persia, Spain and Morocco, with well p1anned arrangements of trees, shrubs and flowers, with their tilled floors, their rivulets and fountains of water, built with an aesthetic taste, establishing harmony between architecture and vegetation throws light on their interest in agriculture, gardening and love for flowers .
Since the Arabs did not know much about the art of agriculture, they turned towards other peoples including the Romans, Nabateans and Persians for learning it. They also translated their botanical works into Arabic.
There are many lexicographers, geographers, travellers and physicians who wrote on plants. One of them was Abü Sa’id ‘Abd al-Malik lbn Quraib al-Asma’i. He was a native of Basrah, and came to Baghdad during the reign of Härun al- Rashid. Asma’i was born in 739 and died in 831. He is the author of a number of works on different subjects. One of them is on plants and trees. In the preface of this book the author has provided a general discussion on plants. First of all he has mentioned various types of soils having different conditions regarding their capabilities for cultivation and vegetation. Then he has mentioned the trees, giving an account of their various stages of development. After that he has classified the plants, giving examples for each class. Finally, he has described those plants which grow in plains and deserts. He has mentioned 230 plants in all. (1)
Another lexicographer and grammarian who wrote on plants was Ahmad Ibn Da’ud Ibn Wanand, nicknamed al-Dinawari. He was also called al- Ashshãb (the herbalist). He was a trustworthy reporter, an expert botanist, astronomer and logician Who compiled a number of works on various subjects.
In his book on plants al-Dinawari described, after observing the plants in the places where they grew, all that he had discovered and also all that his predecessors had mentioned. He did not leave even the minute details. This book was considered to be a standard work on herbalism, medicine and lexicography at a time when no one could become a physician or herbalist unless he had thoroughly studied this book, and was examined in it. (2)
Al-Birüni (d.1048) made observation on plants. He discovered that flowers have 3, 4, 5, 6 or 18 petals, never 7 or 9. (3)
A physician Mãsarjwaih also compiled a work on the properties of simple drugs mentioning their good and bad effects. He was a Syrian Jew who flourished during the reign of Umar Ibn ‘Abd al-’Aziz, and translated for him and for the Caliph Marwan some Greek works into Arabic. He translated the second part of Galen’s work on simple drugs, which consists of six discourses. The translation was corrected by Hunain lbn Ishaq. (4)
The Ancient scientists attached more importance to the translation of Dioscorides’work than to other botanical works. The later writers based their works on it adding whatever they knew of plants and simple drugs. Dioscorides was a distinguished scientist and an authority on herbs. He was a native of Anazarbos, hence called Ainzarbi. He travelled extensively and made investigations on plants and their properties. When he reached certain conclusions about the plants, he entered them into his book illustrating them with the pictures representing the colours of plants. The book of Dioscorides consists of five discourses. Two more discourses on the animal poisons are ascribed to him. Thus the total number of discourses is seven.
The first discourse deals with sweet smelling drugs. The second consists of the description of vegetables and animals and their fluids. The third discourse discusses the roots of plants, the thorny plants and similar topics. The fourth deals with the drugs which are cold in nature, those which are warm, and those which cause relief from poisonous effects. The fifth discourse mentions different kinds of drinks and mineral drugs. (5)
One of the most important Ancient scientist botanists was Abu’l-Mansur Rashid al-Din Abu’l-Fadl Ibn Ali al-Süri He was the greatest authority on simple drugs, the variety of their names, their properties and uses. He was born in 1177 at the city of Sur in Syria, and was brought up there. Later he came to Baghdad where he started the study of medidine from Shaikh Muwaffaq al-Din Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi. Al-Suri spent two years in Quds, at the hospital of the city where he practiced medicine.
Al-Süri went to the places where the plants could be found, like the hills of Lebanon and other places which were famous for one or the other plant. He used to take with him a painter having different kinds of colours and paints. He observed the plants and showed them to his painter. The painter noticed the colour and roots of the plants, the size of their leaves and branches, and made the pictures accordingly. Al-Suri showed the plants to the painter at the time of their growth, maturity and withering. The painter prepared the pictures of the plants at every stage of their development, and filled in them the colours which he observed at that time. Al-Suri included these illustrations in his book on simple drugs and plants. He collected in it the material that he found in the books of the ancients, and also mentioned the drugs which he had discovered himself and their use which he came to know. Al-Suri served al-Malik al-Adil Abu Bakr Ibn Ayyüb as a physician in 1215, and accompanied him from Quds to the Egyptian lands. After the death of al-Malik al-Adil, he served his son, al- Malik al-Mu’azzam ‘Isa Ibn Abi Bakr. After the latter’s death, al-Suri served his son, al-Malik al-Nasir Da’ud Ibn al-Malik al-Mu’azzam. He was made the chief physician. Al-Suri died in 1241 in Damascus. (6)
Another illustrious scholar and a distinguished botanist was Abu Ja’far Ahmad lbn Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Sayyid al-Ghafiqi (d. 1165). As compared with others, he had a greater knowledge of the properties, uses and names of the simple drugs. His book on this subject is a valuable source of information. The author described briefly what Dioscorides and Galen wrote on this subject. He also mentioned what the later writers contributed to this branch of science. Thus his book consists of the accounts of simple drugs given by those who are learned in this field. (7)
One of the most important Ancient scientist botanists was Abu Muhammad ‘Abd Allah Ibn Ahmad al-Mãliqi al-Nabäti, known as Ibn al-Baitàr. He was the greatest expert of his time in identifying the plants. He conducted research on the plants, and acquired a good knowledge of the names of the plants and their species and the places where they grew. He travelled in the Roman lands (Asia Minor) and some other territories and observed the plants in the places where they grew. There he also met some botanists, and learnt from them about many plants. He also met some well known botanists in the Maghrib and other places.
Ibn al-Baitar was in the service of al- Malik al-Kamil Muhammad Ibn Abi Bakr Ibn Ayyüb. He was considered to be an authority on simple drugs and shrubs, and was appointed in Egypt as the chief of physicians and apothecaries. He remained in his service until his death. Then he was honoured by his son al-Malik al-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyilb. He died in Damascus in 1048. Al-Baitàr is the author of many works on simple drugs and other subjects. One of them is the Kitab al-Jami’ fi‘l-Adwiyyah al-Mufradah. This book is chiefly based on the works of his Greek and Ancient scientist predecessors, but also contains his personal observations made in different lands. The opinions of the later scholars about mineral, animal and plant drugs have also been quoted in the book. The author gave in alphabetical order the Persian, Latin and Berber tames of the simple drugs and also cleared the confusions in the names. He also mentioned their properties and uses. This book is the best Arabic work on this subject. It was written for Al-Malik al-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyüb Ibn al-Malik al-Kãmil. It was translated into French and German. (8)
Another famous scholar and botanist of Spain was Abu’l-Abbas Ahmed lbn Muhammad Ibn Mufarraj Ibn Abi’l-khatib known as Ibn al-Rumiyah. He was a native of Seville. In 1216 he went to Egypt. He lived for two years in Egypt, Syria and Iraq where the people learnt something from him. In these lands he observed many plants which were not found in his native land. He observed the plants in the places where they grew. When he reached Alexandria the Sultan al-Malik al-’Adil Abü Bakr Ibn Ayyub heard about his scholarship and his deep knowledge of plants. The Sultan called him to his court and honoured him. He stayed with him for sometime, and then returned to Spain.
Ibn al-Rümiyah was a well-known scholar, researcher on medicine, the author of many works and fond of collecting books. One of his writings is a commentary on Dioscorides’ book dealing with simple drugs. He also wrote a travelogue at the end of his travels in the Eastern land entitled Al-Rihlat al-Mashriqiyyah. It is a collection of his discussions and observation made particularly on the coasts of the Mediterranean. (9)
The last famous writer on agriculture in Spain was Abü Zakariyyä Yahya Ibn Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Awwam al-Ashbili. His valuable book is entitled Kitab al-Falahah. It is based on the works of his Greek, Roman, Nabatean and Ancient scientist predecessors, but also includes the author’s personal observations. It is divided into two parts which consist of 35 chapters. Every chapter deals with some definite topics concerning agriculture. (10)
Another important book on agriculture was written by Shaikh Radi al-Din al-Qarshi. It is entitled Jami’ farã’ id al-Malähah fi Jawami’ Fawa’id al-Falahah. It consists of the following eight chapters:
1. Various kinds of soil
2. Watering, digging of canals and wells and taking out of water
3. Trees and their plantation
4. Various methods of plantation
5. Seeds and grains, their selection, sowing and cutting
6. Various types of flavours , flowers, etc.
7. Description of the days, months, weathers, etc., suitable for cultivation.
8. Storage of grains, seeds, dry and fresh fruits, some vegetables1 extracts, salts,
yeasts, rose water, etc.’ (11)
The first geographer and traveller who mentioned plants in his books was Ibn al-Wádih al-Ya’qübi (d. 1794). He travelled throughout the Ancient scientist world and composed a work entitled Kitab al-Buldán. (12)
The famous geographer Abu Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn ‘Abd Allah Ibn Idris al-Husaini al-Saqali, commonly known as al-Sharif al-Idrisi, also wrote three works on plants and simple drugs. One of them entitled ‘Kitab al-Jãmi’ li-Sifat Ashtat al-Nabät contains the description of various useful drugs relating to trees, fruits, roots, flowers, minerals, etc. The names of drugs have been arranged in alphabetical order, and their Arabic, Persian, Greek, Syrian, Latin and Berber names have been described. The author has mentioned the use of some plants and the oils and gums extracted from them. The book consists of four parts. The first part contains the description of 369 simple drugs and the second one of 250. (13)
The greatest botanist of the 16th century was Da’ud Ibn Umar al-Nasir al-Antäki. He was a distinguished physician as well No scientist compiled such a valuable work on simple drugs as he did. He made a remarkable addition to the knowledge of his predecessors regarding the simple drugs and their uses. (14)
An important botanist of the 18th century was ‘Abd al-Razzäq Ibn Muhammad Ibn Hamadush Al-Jazä’iri. In 1717—18 he left for Makkah for the performance of Hajj . He wrote a book called ‘Kashif al-Rumüz fi Sharh al-Aqaqir wa’l-A’shab. This book seems to be a summary of the books written on this subject by Abd al-Razzaq’s predecessors with the addition of the new substances which were used by the Europeans as drugs. He also gave their common and local names. He derived information from the works of Ibn Sinä, Ibn al-Baitar and Da’ud al-Antaki. One thousand simple drugs in all have been dealt with. This was translated into French. (15)
REFERENCES :-
1. Al-Baghdadi, Ismail Basha,Hadiyyat al-‘Arifin , Istanbul, 1951, Vol. I, p. 623.
2. Ibid., p. 52.
3. Sarton George, Introduction to the History of Science,Washington, 1950, Vol. I, p. 707.
4. Al-Qifti, ‘Ali Ibn Yusuf ,Tarikh al-Hukama,Leipzig, 1903, p. 324.
5. Ibid. p. 94, Ahmad ‘Isa, Tarikh al-Nabat Ind al-’Arab ,Cairo, 1944, p. 38.
6. Al-Zirakli, Khair al-Din, Al- A’lam, Beirut,1955, (2nd Edition), Vol. III, p. 49.
7. Sarton, op. cit., Vol. II, P4rt I, p. 424.
8. Ibid. , Part II, p. 663.
9. Al-Zirakli, Vol. I, p. 210.
10.Al-Baghdadi, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 520.
11. Ahmad ‘Isa, Op. cit., Cairo, 1944, p. 110.
12. Ibid., p. 113.
13. Al-Zirakil, Vo. 7, p. 250.
14. Al-Baghdadi, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 362.
15. Kahhalah, ‘Umar Rida, Mu’jam al-Mu’llifin, Damascus, 1958, Vol. 5, p. 218.
Ran Nakash – Krav Maga Www.kravmagabootcamp.com
Aug 31st
Ran Nakash – Krav Maga Www.kravmagabootcamp.com
Chief Commander of the Krav Maga instructional division of the Israeli Defense Forces
Ran Nakash is Chief Commander and Head Instructor of the IDF’s Krav Maga instructional division. This is the highest ranking professional authority in the following fields:
- The Teaching and instructing of chosen IDF soldiers into Krav Maga instructors.
- Choosing the Krav Maga curriculum of each unit, With an emphasis on Special Forces.
- Fitting specific forms of Krav Maga to each unit’s special needs.
- Creating the curriculum and instruction of the IDF’s anti terror school.
- Many more important aspects of this position simply cannot be exposed due to their level of confidentiality.
2002-2007 Head of the Krav Maga division in the security center of Israel’s court system.
Before being appointed as chief commander of the IDF’s Krav Maga instructional unit Ran Nakash Headed the Krav Maga division of the security center of the Israeli court system. During his tenor he has taught and certified thousands of special security personal who later on became personal body guards of judges, senators, councilmen and business men. These personal body guards were trained in 24 hour personal security for V.I.Ps and included: neutralizing threats at home, in a vehicle, at an office, or any other public place, with an emphasis on neutralizing an attacker armed with a knife or gun, multiple attackers, kidnapping attempts and more.
1997-2000- Leading instructor at the IDF’s school for krav maga
During his initial 3 year service in the IDF Ran Nakash instructed at the IDF’s Krav Maga school. During these 3 years he worked closely with the IDF’s most elite units and not only trained the soldiers in Krav Maga but trained and certified soldiers to become Krav Maga instructors in their own respective units.
Competition Background:
Since the age of 10 Ran Nakash has been trained in various martial art forms with a specialization in Muay-Thai and classic Boxing.
Some of his accomplishments in the ring are:
1st place Israel’s free style fighting championship
1st place Israel’s full contact karate championship
1st place Israel’s kick boxing championships
1997- When Ran Nakash was just 18 years old he came in first runner up in the world Muay-Thai championships which were held in Thailand
www.KravMagaBootCamp.com
Where to download Burn Notice TV show?
Aug 30th
Where to download Burn Notice TV show?
Do you want to download Burn Notice TV show? This question would be answered âyesâ by all the fans of series as fans always like to have all episodes of their much-loved TV show with them.
Burn Notice has incredibly exclusive plot and series has received tons of success throughout its run. Michael Westen is the central character of the series. Heâs a very well known secret agent who received a burn notice. Issuing a burn notice to a spy simply means that heâs not reliable and his services are no more required. Troubled and heart broken Michael makes it his goal to find out the ones who are responsible for his Burn Notice while working as a freelance spy/private investigator. Series is currently running with its second season.
As âBurn Noticeâ is one of the very amazing and popular TV shows so hundreds of sites give an access to download Burn Notice episodes. Youâll have to decide yourself which website youâd like to go with out of the several available. There are some websites which offer complete Burn Notice show in ready to download format. You just need to avail the membership of website by providing a few basic details and get stared to Burn Notice download. Moreover, you can also download hundreds of popular American, British and Canadian TV shows.
But, there are websites which offer free downloads but just before you commence downloading may ask you to pay up. Avoid believing the words of such kinda swindlers and decide it very carefully. No body would ever like to spend his/her hard earned money on downloading a TV show which can be downloaded free so wisen up to their tricks and select the right website to enjoy the free downloads of all your favorite shows including Burn Notice.
Once you become a lifetime member, youâll have an access to download as many shows as you want and of course whenever you want throughout your life, just by paying a one time charges. Some other types of memberships are also available such as limited membership which validates you to download TV shows for limited period only. You can choose the type of the membership which suits your requirements and go ahead with the website you want.
If you download Burn Notice following the above instructions, I am sure youâll get what you deserve being an intelligent decision maker.
Ajay Kumar is huge TV Show fan and sharing his favorite shows over the web, for more shows, visit http://edogo.com
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Mind Movies Review
Aug 29th
Mind Movies Review
This is bad information for you and me, it has left me speechlessâ¦This Mind Movies review has turned my life upside down, turned almost everything I knew and believed being proper in Net Marketing and advertising around.
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When Ryan Higgins came to me and asked me to test out his Mind Movies training course I wasn’t definitely interested, as I couldn’t see how this would fit in with creating money for the net and World-wide-web marketing in standard, but boy do I thank my lucky star that he is often a very persuasive guy.
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Central San Diego Real Estate Market – Mid Year Snapshot Of Median Prices (2006) – Single Family Homes
Aug 28th
Central San Diego Real Estate Market – Mid Year Snapshot Of Median Prices (2006) – Single Family Homes
Central San Diego Real Estate Market – Mid Year Snapshot of Median Prices (2006) – Single Family Homes
As of this writing, the San Diego real estate markets appears to have shifted from one that favors sellers to one that favors buyers. However, this premise may not hold true for all communities within San Diego, as median prices for some communities continue to rise while others fall.
While there are many metrics to evaluate the real estate pricing trends of a community, one commonly used parameter is to evaluate the median price of homes from one point in time against a prior point of time. The median price reflects the point at which half the homes are above a particular price point, and half the homes are below a particular price point. The median price metric provides one method to analyze the direction of home prices, but should not be used as the sole source of data from which to form conclusions.
The data below is a comparison of median prices for various communities in central San Diego County, comparing data from June 2005 against data for June 2006. This information is only one metric at a particular point in time, and other metrics or data from future months may support or dispute the pricing trends noted below. For some of the San Diego communities presented below, very few homes sold during June 2006, which diminishes the usefulness of the median price metric.
COMMUNITIES WITH INCREASES IN MEDIAN PRICE – SINGLE FAMILY HOMES – JUNE 2006
The data below pertains only to the sales of single-family homes, and does not include condominiums or townhomes. The data is organized by the magnitude of change in median price, with the highest change in median price presented first.
For the Coronado real estate market, the median price was ,775,000, which represents a 14.7% increase from the same time last year. Approximately 15 homes sold in June 2006 (21 homes sold in June 2005).
For the Point Loma real estate market, the median price was ,024,068, which represents an 11.4% increase from the same time last year. Approximately 20 homes sold in June 2006 (14 homes sold in June 2005).
For the University City (UTC) real estate market, the median price was 0,000, which represents a 10.6% increase from the same time last year. Approximately 5 homes sold in June 2006 (19 homes sold in June 2005).
For the La Jolla real estate market, the median price was ,692,500, which represents a 10.3% increase from the same time last year. Approximately 28 homes sold in June 2006 (38 homes sold in June 2005).
For the Logan Heights real estate market, the median price was 5,000, which represents a 7.6% increase from the same time last year. Approximately 13 homes sold in June 2006 (14 homes sold in June 2005).
For the Paradise Hills real estate market, the median price was 7,500, which represents a 5.7% increase from the same time last year. Approximately 8 homes sold in June 2006 (16 homes sold in June 2005).
For the Mission Hills real estate market, the median price was 7,500, which represents a 3.1% increase from the same time last year. Approximately 11 homes sold in June 2006 (12 homes sold in June 2005).
For the Scripps Ranch (Scripps Miramar) real estate market, the median price was 9,250, which represents a 2.8% increase from the same time last year. Approximately 34 homes sold this month (43 homes sold in June 2005).
For the San Carlos real estate market, the median price was 3,000, which represents a 2.4% increase from the same time last year. Approximately 12 homes sold in June 2006 (16 homes sold in June 2005).
For the Del Cerro real estate market, the median price was 7,500, which represents a 2.1% increase from the same time last year. Approximately 13 homes sold in June 2006 (30 homes sold in June 2005).
For the Normal Heights real estate market, the median price was 6,250, which represents a 1.7% increase from the same time last year. Approximately 20 homes sold in June 2006 (19 homes sold in June 2005).
COMMUNITIES WITH DECREASES IN MEDIAN PRICE – SINGLE FAMILY HOMES – JUNE 2006
The data below pertains only to the sales of single-family homes, and does not include condominiums or townhomes. The data is organized by the magnitude of change in median price, with the highest change in median price presented first.
For the Old Town real estate market, the median price was 0,000, which was a 19.1% decline from the same time last year. Approximately 5 homes sold in June 2006 (14 homes sold in June 2005).
For the Golden Hill real estate market, the median price was 1,000, which was a 16.4% decline from the same time last year. Approximately 10 homes sold in June 2006 (13 homes sold in June 2005).
For the Pacific Beach real estate market, the median price was 1,960, which represents a 14.8% decline from the same time last year. Approximately 15 homes sold in June 2006 (19 homes sold in June 2005).
For the Tierrasanta real estate market, the median price was 0,000, which represents a 12.6% decline from the same time last year. Approximately 9 homes sold in June 2006 (17 homes sold in June 2005).
For the North Park real estate market, the median price was 0,000, which represents a 9.7% decline from the same time last year. Approximately 31 homes sold in June 2006 (16 homes sold in June 2005).
For the College Grove real estate market, the median price was 5,000, which represents a 5.9% decline from the same time last year. Approximately 38 homes sold in June 2006 (40 homes sold in June 2005).
For the City Heights real estate market, the median price was 0,00, which represents a 5.3% decline from the same time last year. Approximately 17 homes sold in June 2006 (30 homes sold in June 2005).
For the Mira Mesa real estate market, the median price was 0,000, which represents a 4.7% decline from the same time last year. Approximately 45 homes sold in June 2006 (47 homes sold in June 2005).
For the Linda Vista real estate market, the median price was 0,000, which represents a 4.2% decline from the same time last year. Approximately 16 homes sold in June 2006 (17 homes sold in June 2005).
For the Mission Valley real estate market, the median price was 0,000, which represents a 3.8% decline from the same time last year. Approximately 7 homes sold in June 2006 (18 homes sold in June 2005).
For the Encanto real estate market, the median price was 5,000, which represents a 3.3% decline from the same time last year. Approximately 36 homes sold in June 2006 (47 homes sold in June 2005).
For the Clairemont real estate market, the median price was 5,000, which represents a 2.6% decline from the same time last year. Approximately 30 homes sold in June 2006 (34 homes sold in June 2005).
For the Sorrento Valley real estate market, the median price was 1,000, which represents a 1% decline from the same time last year. Approximately 6 homes sold in June 2006 (5 homes sold in June 2005).
ADVISORY
Homebuyers and home sellers should keep in mind that the data above is simply a snapshot in time, and is not conclusive of the pricing trends for any community. For some communities presented above, very few homes were sold during June 2006, which makes the use of the median price metric of limited value. The data must be evaluated over a longer duration, and involve multiple metrics to fully understand enduring market trends. Contact your Realtor to obtain information about enduring market trends for any given community.
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Work for Stay at Home Moms
Aug 27th
Work for Stay at Home Moms
It is a fact that worthwhile work for stay at home moms is not so easy to find. When I was at home with my children, the only choices I had was babysitting other peoples toddlers or sewing. I chose the latter, which no-one really thought was worth paying for but they had to give me something. It was not very rewarding in any sense. Nowadays, however, there are some wonderful choices of work for stay at home moms if you look hard enough and I will tell you about one of them that I found and is working really well for me.
When I decided to get back into the workforce, I saw immediately that I needed some computer training. I took a three month course and found I really liked working on the computer. I had no idea at the time if I would find work for stay at home moms with the little bit of knowledge I had acquired but started searching for a way to earn money online without leaving home. Oh my, I found there were, and still are, so many scams and fraudulent companies out there that I began to doubt.
However, as I was searching for work for stay at home moms I had a great piece of luck and clicked on a Google ad that lead me to a DVD. This presentation explained to me that there was a company offering a program of internet marketing training. Their mandate is to teach everyone who is interested to sell anything to anyone anywhere in the world online. I discovered they are also building a whole community of people who stay connected by phone and internet to encourage and help each other out. I liked the sound of that. The more I discovered about the company, the more I realized that they are definitely catering to anyone who wants to design their own life and are teaching the skills needed to provide work for stay at home moms.
This seemed like the perfect fit for the category of work for stay at home moms and I got involved. Well, the training is certainly there! Thousands of hours of DVD trainings and recordings for every possible form of marketing on the internet are available once you get started. You can listen to online training in the form of new webinars and conference calls every day. This is perfect work for stay at home moms, as long as you have a computer, of course!
I discovered that the computer training I’d taken wasn’t even really necessary because most of the commands you need are ‘point and click’ with a mouse. Knowing how to type is an asset but even two finger typing will work – just slows you up a bit. As for work for stay at home moms, as long as you are open to learning new skills and able to access a computer, I can’t think of anything better to be doing. Oh yes, you actually make money as you follow the steps diligently!
If your kids are still young and you are determined to be home with them, work for stay at home moms is the answer. You don’t have to get a babysitter while you learn and work. If your children are grown and off having their own fun, meaningful work for stay at home moms is vital to add to the quality of your life.
Please http://www.yourextramoneysite.com”/?site=VLenaB to see what I’m doing. My name is Alma Newton and you can call me at 866-204-4244 if you would like to chat.
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Leading Manufacturers of Diaper Changing Stations
Aug 26th
Leading Manufacturers of Diaper Changing Stations
You may find many companies manufacturing baby changing stations in the market. But the ones that gives both the babies and mothers a convenient time while changing dresses or diapers are manufactured by only few known brands. Not all companies follow the same standards for safety and quality. So it is difficult for customers to make a selection from a variety of baby changing stations available at the shops. This article may give you an idea of the brands to recognize which baby changing station manufactures maintain high level of product safety and quality altogether.
Koala Bear Kare®
Koala Bear Kare® Baby Changing Stations are the most recognizable name in the industry. Koala Bear Kare® Baby Changing Stations come in a variety of styles and colors. Koala Bear Kare® has been pioneering the baby changing station industry since 1986.
Safe-Strap Company, Inc.
Safe, Durable, Attractive and Affordable. These qualities are the best way to describe the original Diaper-Depot™ baby changing station manufactured by Safe-Strap Company’s. Retailers, property owners, facility managers and architects are repeatedly specifying Diaper-Depot’s baby changing stations for new and retrofit construction. Only the Diaper-Depot baby changing stations combine durability with long lasting good looks to provide one of the neatest appearances of any unit in the industry.
Brocar Products, Inc.
Brocar Products was founded in 1992. In 1995 they introduced their baby changing stations. Today Brocar has some of the most versatile and economical baby changing stations on the market.
Foundations® Children’s Products
Foundations® Children’s Products recently acquired Brocar Products line of baby changing stations.
World Dryer Corporation
Word Dryer Corporation, manufacture of the “The Dry Baby” baby diaper changing table is well known in the washroom accessories business. For years World Dryer Corp. has manufactured a concise line of quality products seen in more restrooms that any other name brand product.
Bradley Corporation
Bradley Corporation is the industry’s leading manufacturer of commercial plumbing fixtures and washroom accessories. Headquartered in Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin, Bradley Corporation serves a diverse customer base ranging from small local facilities to international corporations such as Wal-Mart, General Motors, U.S. Postal Service, W.W. Grainger, and AMC Theaters Corp.
American Specialties, Inc.
American Specialties Inc. (ASI) was founded in 1961 and is located just north of New York City. ASI designs, manufactures and markets a wide range of stainless steel products. ASI is the largest manufacturer of washroom accessories, modular space systems and telephone accommodations in the world and has over 300 dedicated employees. Quality products, excellent service, competitive prices and integrity are a tradition at ASI.
Diaper Deck & Company, Inc. (DDK)
DDK manufactures of the Diaper Deck™ diaper changing station is located in Burnsville, MN. The foremost concern of the company is safety, followed by a space-saving design and a durable, long-lasting construction of baby products.
If you are looking to buy a baby changing station from an online store then I have a website in mind that stocks baby products and baby changing stations of all types and quality brands. Visit link http://www.baby-changing-stations.com.
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Better Trades – a Better Teaching Strategy
Aug 25th
Better Trades – a Better Teaching Strategy
Do you really want to learn your stock market trading strategies from someone who has never traded?
One of the problems of the Internet is that there are hundreds of people and countless websites that say they know how to use the stock market when they are simply regurgitating the information available everywhere. If you’re trying to build your personal wealth, reading the same information found on virtually every trading website simply won’t help. Fortunately, there’s a better way.
BetterTrades is a truly unique educational company in the world of trading. We rely on live events that you attend in person to ensure that you are learning trading information unavailable anywhere else. Interactive seminars, live mentoring, online courses and specialized trading information are also used to help you get a maximum return. Our interactive multi-training makes BetterTrades an exceptional resource for any trader either new or experienced.
One of the best things about Better Trades is that all of the instructors are experienced traders who have worked extensively with the stock market in the past. With over 200 years of combined experience, you’ll find a team that has written a multitude of books and designed thousands of seminars. You’ll also find the only team who can help you meet your personal wealth goals.
Many of the instructors began their stock market experience with virtually no training. For some, trading was a hobby. As they realized that they were able to fulfill their own financial goals, trading became much more. Because our instructors began their trading career as novices, you’ll get realistic advice that teaches you the necessary skills to get started. Free of the technical jargon that can confuse many beginners, you’ll learn how to make a fortune no matter what the market conditions.
With thousands of satisfied students to date, BetterTrades is an educational company that provides personalized advice. With highly educational classes that will teach you to apply smart trading tactics, you could turn a few hundred dollars into thousands in just a few months. If you’re not trading as successfully as you like, it’s time to contact BetterTrades.
Better Trades is for those who truly want to learn how to trade in the stock market. After all, why would you use another company whose instructors have never traded when you can work with a faculty that has made its own personal fortune from the techniques offered in each class? Contact BetterTrades today, and start your trading education.
This article is originally published here: Better Trades
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Better Trades is an education company devoted to teaching people the skills and experience they need to make money in the stock market.
Better Trades – training to trade effectively. You can reach him at BetterTrades.
Music video by Boyzone performing Better. (C) 2008 Polydor Ltd. (UK)
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